Scientific References

 Asthma Specific:

Buteyko breathing techniques in asthma: a controlled trial. Bowler SD, Green A, Mitchell CA. MJA.1988; 169: 575–578.

Buteyko breathing technique reduces hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia and dyspnoea. Austinet al. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179: A3409

The Buteyko method increases end-tidal CO2 and decreases ventilatory responsiveness in asthma. Borg B, Doran C, Giorlando F, Hartley MF, Jack S, Johns DP, Wolfe R, Cohen M, Abramson MJ. The Australian and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Science Inc. Annual Scientific Meeting. 2004, 

A controlled study of a breathing therapy for treatment of hyperventilation syndrome. Grossman P, De Swart JC and Defares PB. J Psychosom Res. 1985; 29: 49–58.

Buteyko breathing technique for asthma: an effective intervention. McHugh P, Aitcheson F, Duncan B, Houghton F. NZ Med J. 2003, 116: (1187). 

The effect of physiotherapy-based breathing retraining on asthma control. Grammatopoulou EP, Skordilis EK, Stavoli N, Myriantheps P, Karteroliotis K, Baltopoulos G and Koutsouki D. Journal of Asthma 2011; 48: 593–601.

Role of Buteyko Breathing Technique in asthmatics with nasal symptoms.   Adelola O.A., Oosthuiven J.C., Fenton J.E. Clinical Otolaryngology.2013, April;38(2):190-191.

Breathing Exercises and/or Retraining Techniques in the Treatment of Asthma: Comparative Effectiveness. Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 71Investigators: Elizabeth O’Connor, PhD, Carrie D Patnode, PhD, MPH, Brittany U Burda, MPH, David I Buckley, MD, MPH, and Evelyn P Whitlock, MD, MPH. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US): September 2012  Report No.: 12-EHC092-EF

 Snoring Specific:

The Experimental Modification of Sonorous Breathing, Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 1980 

Kids Breathing:

 An Exploratory Study of the Factors Related to Mouth Breathing Syndrome in Primary School Children. Archives of Oral Biology, 
. 2018 Aug;92:57-61. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.012. Epub 2018 Mar 26.

Growth and Mouth Breathers, Pediatrics Journal of Brazil Volume 95, Supplement 1, March–April 2019, Pages 66-71

Anxiousness Specific:

 Breathing retraining: effect on anxiety and depression scores in behavioral breathlessness.  Tweeddale PM, Rowbottom I., McHardy GJ, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1994 Jan 38(1): 11-21

Respiratory rehabilitation: a physiotherapy approach to the control of asthma symptoms and anxiety. Laurino RA, Barnabe, V., Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Stelmach R, Cukier A, Nunes Mdo P. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012 Nov, 67(11): 1291-7

An Overview of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: Supplement to Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Williams JW, Gierisch JM, McDuffie J., Strauss JL, Nagi A. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs; 2011 Aug. VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports

Pollution and COVID-19 Related:

Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19?  Martel, J, Yun-Fei K. Microbes and Infection
Volume 22, Issues 4–5, May–June 2020, Pages 168-171

Performance of N95 respirators: filtration efficiency for airborne microbial and inert particles, American Industrial Hygiene Association, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9487666/

 Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control, The Lancet. 7/24/2020. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30323-4/fulltext

Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19? Microbes and Infection May-June 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7200356/ 

 Nasal contribution to breathing with exercise: effect of race and gender. Journal of Applied Physiology 4/11/2003 https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.00718.2002

Filtration of particulates in the human nose. One source where 0.5 micron nasal filter mentioned. Laryngoscope. 1998 Jan;108(1 Pt 1):120-4. doi: 10.1097/00005537-199801000-00023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9432080/

 Particle Pollution and Your Patients' Health, USEPA https://www.epa.gov/pmcourse/particle-pollution-exposure

Effect of Race on Fine Particle Deposition for Oral and Nasal Breathing, Inhalation Toxicology, 11/17/2005. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087570/

Inhalability of micron particles through the nose and mouth, Inhalation Toxicology, 2010. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1046.1619&rep=rep1&type=pdf

http://courses.washington.ehttps://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&count=10000&dirEntryId=34013&searchall=&showcriteria=2&simplesearch=0&timstype=du/cee490/HealthEff.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/airborne-particle

https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&count=10000&dirEntryId=34013&searchall=&showcriteria=2&simplesearch=0&timstype=

Engineering Toolbox Particle Sizes: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/particle-sizes-d_934.html

US EPA Methods for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application of Inhalation Dosimetry (particle sizes and nasal/mouth breathing differences): https://www.epa.gov/risk/methods-derivation-inhalation-reference-concentrations-and-application-inhalation-dosimetry

COVID-19 size in microns originally listed in news article I saw and reprinted here: https://www.sphosp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Letter-in-response-to-N-95-use-RA-Final.pdf

Valley Fever fungus details, including reference to size 10-100 microns: 

 Vocal Cord Dysfunction:

News Article: A Young Athlete's Breathing Problems Weren't Asthma. What Were They? August 26, 2020.  https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/26/906047231/a-young-athletes-breathing-problems-weren-t-asthma-what-were-they?fbclid=IwAR0UFT3weRf0iXj1ncVzXz0xfV32cS_ByBqTCENa37k0oNZ-V1R4radlW58

General References

Adelola O.A., Oosthuiven J.C., Fenton J.E., Role of Buteyko Breathing Technique in asthmatics with nasal symptoms. Clinical Otolaryngology 2013, April;38(2):190-191

Austin et al, Buteyko breathing technique reduces hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia and dyspnoea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179: A3409

Austin, G., Buteyko technique use to control asthma symptoms. Nurs Times 2013 Apr 24-30; 109 (16): 16-7. Review

Bartley, J., Nasal congestion and hyperventilation syndrome. American Journal of Rhinology 2006 19, 607-611

Benson, H., Klipper, M., The Relaxation Response: Harper Collins New York 2000.

Birch, M., Clinical Review: Sleep Apnoea - A survey of breathing retraining. Australian Nursing Journal October 2012, 20:(4) 40-41

Borg, B., Doran, C., Giorlando, F., Hartley, M.F., Jack, S., Johns, D.P., Wolfe, R., Cohen, M., Abramson, M.J. The Buteyko method increases end-tidal CO2 and decreases ventilatory responsiveness in asthma. The Australian and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Science Inc. Annual Scientific Meeting 200 http://anzsrs.org.au/asm2004abstracts.pdf

Bowler, S.D., Green, A., Mitchell, C.A., Buteyko breathing techniques in asthma: a controlled trial. MJA.1988; 169: 575–578

Bowler, S.D., Green, A., Mitchell, C.A., Buteyko breathing techniques in asthma: a blinded randomized controlled trial. Med J Aust. 1998 Dec 7-21; 169(11-12):575-8

Bradley, D. Hyperventilation syndrome/Breathing Pattern Disorders. Random House, New Zealand 2012

Breslin, E.H., Breathing retraining in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1995 Jan-Feb; 15(1); 25-33.

Bruton, A., Lewith, G.T., The Buteyko breathing technique for asthma: a review Complement Ther Med. 2005 Mar; 13(1): 41-6

Burgess, J., Ekanayake, B., Lowe, A., Dunt, D., Thien, F., Dharmage, S.C. Systematic review of the effectiveness of breathing retraining in asthma management. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011 Dec; 5(6): 789-807

Castro, M. Control of breathing. In: Physiology, Berne, R.M., Levy, M.N. (eds), 4th edition, Mosby, St. Louis, 1998.

Chaitow, L., Bradley, D., Gilbert, C. Treating Breathing Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Approach Second Edition 2014. Elsevier, Ltd.

Choliz, M., A breathing-retraining procedure in treatment of sleep-onset insomnia: theoretical basis and experimental findings. Percept Mot Skills, 1995 Apr:80(2) 507-13

Cluff, R.A., Chronic hyperventilation and its treatment by physiotherapy: discussion paper, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 77, 1984 855-862

Coffee, J.C., Is chronic hyperventilation syndrome a risk factor for sleep apnea?. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2006; 10: Part 1,134–146; Part 2, 166-174

Cooper, S., Oborne, J., Newton, S., Harrison, V., Thompson Coon, J., Lewis, S. Tattersfield, A. Effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2003 Aug; 58(8); 674-9

Courtney, R., Greenwood, K., Cohen M., 2011a. Relationships between measures of dysfunctional breathing in a population with concerns about their breathing. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 15, 24-34

Courtney, R., Greenwood, K.M., 2009. Preliminary investigation of a measure of dysfunctional breathing symptoms: the Self Evaluation of Breathing Questionnaire (SEBQ). International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 12, 121-127

Cowie, R.L., Conley, D.P., Underwood, M.F,, Reader, P.G. A randomised controlled trial of the Buteyko technique as an adjunct to conventional management of asthma. Respir Med 2008 May; 102(5): 726-32

Curley, G., et al, Hypocapnia and the injured brain. More harm than benefit. Critical Care Medicine 2010 38 (5), 1348-1359

Dechman, G., Wilson, C.R., Evidence underlying breathing retraining in people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phys Ther 2004 Dec: 84 (12) 1189-97

Dempsey, J.A., Smith, C.A., Przybylowski, T., Chenuel, B., Xie, A., Nakayama, H. and Skatrud, J.B. The ventilatory responsiveness to CO2 below eupnoea as a determinant of ventilatory stability in sleep.. J Physiol. 2004; 560: 1–11

Dempsey, Jerome A. Crossing the apneic threshold: Causes and consequences 2004. Julius H. Comroe Memorial Lecture – Experimental Biology WashingtonDC. April 2004. Physiology in Press; published online on 30 November 2004 as 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.028985

Dixhoorn, J., 2012, Nijmegen Questionnaire in the evaluation of medically unexplained symptoms, including hyperventilation complaints. Biological Psychology.

Douglas, C.G., Haldane, J.S., The regulation of normal breathing, Journal of Physiology 1909; 38: p. 420–440

Elliot, M.W., Adams, L., Cockcroft A., et al, 1991 The language of breathlessness: use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiorespiratory disease. Am Rev Respiratory Diseases 144, 826-832

Facchiano, L., Hoffman Snyder, C., Nunez, D.E. A literature review on breathing retraining as a self-management strategy operationalized through Rosswurm and Larrabee’s evidence-based practice model. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2011 Aug: 23(8): 421-6

Falanga, V., Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot. Lancet 2005 366, 1736-1743

Flood, L., Role of Buteyko breathing technique in asthmatics with nasal symptoms. Clin Otolaryngol. 2013 Aug: 38(4) 354

Ganong, W.F, Review of Medical Physiology, 15th ed., 1995, Prentice Hall Intl., London.

Gardner, W., Hyperventilation. Am J Respir Crit. Care Med. 15 2004 2

Garland, W., Somatic changes in hyperventilating subject. Presentation at International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology Congress, Paris 1994.

Gimenez, M., Severa, E., Abril, E., Saavedra, P., Darias, M., Gomez, A., Hannhart, B. Comprehensive directed breathing retraining improves exertional dyspnea for men with spirometry within normal limits. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Feb; 89(2) 90-8

Grammatopoulou, E.P., Skordilis, E.K., Stavoli, N., Myriantheps, P., Karteroliotis, K., Baltopoulos, G. and Koutsouki, D.,The effect of physiotherapy-based breathing retraining on asthma control. Journal of Asthma 2011; 48: 593–601

Grossman, P., De Swart , J.C., Defares, P.B., A controlled study of a breathing therapy for treatment of hyperventilation syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 1985; 29: 49–58.

Grossman, P., Wientjes, C., Respiratory disorders: asthma and hyperventilation syndrome. In: Turpin, G. (Ed): Handbook of Clinical Psychophysiology. Wiley New York 1989 519-554.

Guyton, A.C., Physiology of the Human Body, 6th ed., 1984, Saunders College Publ., Philadelphia

Hagman, C., Janson, C., Emter, M., Breathing retraining – a five-year follow-up of patients with dysfunctional breathing. Respir Med 2011 Aug; 105(8): 1153-9

Hallani, M., Wheatley, J.R., Amis, T.C., Enforced mouth breathing decreases lung function in mild asthmatics. Respirology 13, 2008 553-558

Hammo, A., Exercise-induced hyperventilation: a pseudo-asthma syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immuno 1999 82, 574-578

Harding, R.M., Mills, E.J., Aviation medicine. Problems of altitude I: hypoxia and hyperventilation. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research ed.) 1983 286 (6375), 1408-1410

Haugstad, G., Haugstad, T., Kirste, U., et al. Posture, movement patterns, and body awareness in women with chronic pelvic pain. J Psychosomatic Res 2006 61 (5) 637-644

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Howell, JBI, Behavioural Breathlessness. Thorax 45 1990, 287-292

Hudgel, D.W., Hendricks, C. and Dadley, A. Alteration in obstructive apnea pattern induced by changes in oxygen and carbon-dioxide-inspired concentrations. Am Rev Respir Dis. July, 1988; 138(1) 16–9

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Joulia, F., Steinberg, J.G., Faucher, M. et al. Breath-hold training of humans reduces oxidative stress and blood acidosis after static and dynamic apnea. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 137 2003 19-27

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